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Singeing the King of Spain's Beard is the name derisively given〔''(The Life, Voyages, and Exploits of Sir Francis Drake: With Numerous Original Letters From Him And The Lord High Admiral To The Queen And Great Officers Of State )'' John Barrow, Esq, F.S.A, 1844〕〔''(Elizabethan Sea Dogs 1560-1605 )'' Angus Konstam, 2000〕〔''(Elizabethan Sea-Dogs: Sir Francis Drake and his Companions )'' William Wood, 2014〕〔''(The Spanish Armadas )'' Winston Graham, 2013〕〔''(Sir Francis Drake )'' Peter Whitfield, 2004〕 to the attack in April and May 1587 in the Bay of Cádiz, by the English privateer Francis Drake against the Spanish naval forces assembling at Cádiz. Much of the Spanish fleet was destroyed, and substantial supplies were destroyed or captured. There followed a series of raiding parties against several forts along the Portuguese coast. A Spanish treasure ship, returning from the Indies, was also captured. The damage caused by the English delayed Spanish plans to invade England by more than a year, yet did not dispel them. ==Background== In the second half of the 16th century a series of economic, political and religious circumstances occurred that created tensions in the relations between England and Spain. Protestant England was brought into direct confrontation with Catholic Spain; Elizabeth I of England had been excommunicated by Pope Pius V in 1570 whilst in 1584 Philip II of Spain had signed the Treaty of Joinville with the French Catholic League, with the aim of eradicating Protestantism. The constant raids by English privateers against Spanish territories in the West Indies and against the Spanish treasure fleet, which carried the wealth that supported the finances of Madrid, were considered by the Spanish as a threat to their economic interests. The support of the English for the United Provinces, who were at this time engaged in the Eighty Years' War against Spain, with the intention of gaining their independence, was sealed by the Treaty of Nonsuch in 1585, whereby it was agreed to form an Anglo-Dutch military alliance against Spain. The English support for the pretender to the Portuguese throne, Dom António, was another source of contention. The increasing power of the Spanish Empire, which in 1580 had entered in a dynastic union with the kingdom of Portugal and its empire under Philip of Spain, was expanding in the Americas and had the support of the German Habsburgs as well as the Italian princes, was regarded by the English as a major threat to their security. In 1585 the tension existing between the two countries erupted into the Anglo-Spanish War of 1585–1604. Philip II ordered the arming of a great military fleet, which was to become known as the Invincible Armada, and it was hastily assembled in the Spanish port of Cádiz and in the Portuguese port of Lisbon with the objective of invading England. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Singeing the King of Spain's Beard」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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